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The Behaviourist Approach: Which of these are strengths of classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

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Operant conditioning relied on experimental method. This used controlled conditions which more easily showed cause and effect relationships.

Classical conditioning is supported by the biological approach, which states that individuals learn due to their environment.

Classical conditioning led to the development of treatments for the reduction of anxiety disorders, such as systematic desensitization.

Operant conditioning uses it's evidence to show how aggression is developed in children.

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Social Learning Theory: Who was the main figure of the social learning theory?

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The Behaviourist Approach: Who is the main theorist behind operant conditioning?

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The Cognitive Approach: Fill in the blanks

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Words: | solve problems | theories | indirectly | important information | store | inferring |

The cognitive approach studies information processing, i.e. ways in which we extract,

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and retrieve information that helps us to guide our behaviour.

Many different kinds of mental processes contribute to information processing. These include selecting

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using the important information to

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storing it in memory and retrieving it when needed.

The cognitive approach recognises that these mental processes cannot be studied directly but must be studied

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by

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what goes on as result of measuring behaviour.

This enables cognitive psychologists to develop

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about the mental processes that led to observed behaviour.

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The Behaviourist Approach: Which of these are limitations of operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

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Seligman (1970) suggested that animals have a natural preparedness to learn which revolves around survival needs.

Experiments, such as Skinner's, involved animals, so it is difficult to compare to humans.

Studies have proven that humans have freewill, along with a few groups of animals

Animals were harmed during experiments, so ethical issues were raised

Behaviourists are accused of ignoring emotion and cognition.

Different species have different capacities to learn, so relationships between learning are difficult to establish.

Skinner himself admitted that he had little faith in his results

Humans have freewill, so behave differently to animals.

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Social Learning Theory: Match the word to it's statement.

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Vicarious reinforcement
The role of mediation processes
The bobo doll

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Bandura (1986) claimed that the observer must form a mental representation of what their model has done, and mediate between the consequences of that
Bandura and Walters (1963) stated that if an individual's model was punished for their behaviour then they would be less likely to imitate.
Bandura et al (1961) study upon the social learning between groups of aggressive and non-aggressive children after they had observed a role-model

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The Behaviourist Approach: What was the process inside a Skinner box?

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The Rat accidentally presses the lever
The rat begins to learn that pressing the lever produces food
The Rat moves around the cage
The rat continues to press the lever whenever it requires food
The first food pellet is released

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Social Learning Theory: What does the term modelling mean?

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The manipulation of the brain by a psychologist

A role model, which someone observes the behaviour of and then copies

Suppressing memories in order to remain in good mental health

Conditioning yourself, in order to achieve a perceived sense of perfection

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Social Learning Theory: State whether each point is a strength or weakness of the social learning theory

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Social learning theory has useful applications, especially in criminal behaviour. Akers (1998) suggested that the probability of someone performing criminal activities increases when they are exposed to that behaviour.

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Siegal a d McCormick (2006) suggest that young people who posses deviant attitudes and values seek out peers with similar values, rather than having modelled that behaviour after become associated with their peer group

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It can be suggested that rather than individuals modelling others of the same gender more easily, they may have actually been encouraged during childhood to imitate certain groups of people. Essentially, SLT may disregard other potential influences

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Fox and Bailenson (2009) found that imitation occurred more easily due to similarities between models and observers

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The Behaviourist Approach: Match the different types of reinforcement and punishment to their meaning.

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Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment

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Behaviour adds a consequence that is negative
Behaviour produces a consequence that is satisfying for the organism.
Behaviour removes a consequence that was positive
Behaviour removes a consequence that was negative

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The Cognitive Approach: Fill in the blank

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A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain.

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The Cognitive Approach: What is the definition of the cognitive approach?

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The learning of individuals by observation.

System of a hierarchy in which individuals direct needs.

The focus upon how impulses carry information across the brain.

A focus upon how individuals think, perceive and store information.

Processing models involved in the processing of information in the brain.

The importance of mental processing.

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Social Learning Theory: Order the procedures of the Bandura (1961) study

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In a follow up to this study, it was found that if the aggressive model was rewarded then their behaviour was even more likely to be immitated

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4

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Children were grouped into aggressive and non-aggressive catergories
An aggressive role model played roughly with the bobo doll, and used negative language towards it. A non-aggressive role model played with the bobo doll and used positive language
Children who observed the aggressive role model produced behaviour that resembled the behaviour of their model. Children who observed the non-aggressive role model displayed no aggressive behaviour
An individual child observed either an aggressive or non-aggressive model

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The Behaviourist Approach: What are the basic principles for operant conditioning?

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The consequences of behaviour may be positive or negative

Organisms have a susceptibility to learn due to DNA

Chemicals produced by the neurological system produce behaviours

Only humans behave due to consequences

All organisms produce different behaviours

Repetition of behaviour depends on consequences

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Social Learning Theory: What is meant by identification?

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An individual must feel similar to their model in order to imitate their behaviour.

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A person's sense of self worth

The DNA profile of an individual

How an individual relates to their model, a feeling of similarity.

How an individual is perceived by others