The inferior gluteal artery sends no branches to the bladder.

The inferior vesical artery arises from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery.

The superior vesical artery arises from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery.

The bladder cannot be mobilized substantially because of its tenuous blood supply.

The majority of the blood supply to the bladder is derived from the obturator artery.

It is useful for biopsy of large bladder tumors.

It allows for better tissue procurement without coagulation defects when compared with standard loop resection.

It is most amenable to lesions on the inside of the bladder neck.

It is difficult to perform through a standard cystoscope.

It requires suprapubic pressure if the lesion is located on the trigone.

Sessile

High grade

Papillary

Multifocal

Tumor base larger than 2╯cm

metronidazole.

neomycin.

a cathartic such as GoLYTELY.

a clear liquid diet.

gentamicin.

Median umbilical ligament

Bifurcation of the common iliac artery

Node of Cloquet

Peritoneal reflection

Vas deferens

0.1% to 0.2%

5% to 7%

9% to 11%

15% to 17%

1% to 3%

0.5% to 4%

19% to 28%

38% to 48%

4% to 18%

29% to 37%

It is necessary to split the glans to remove all of the transitional cell epithelium at the meatus.

The bulbar urethral arteries should be preserved throughout the dissection.

Drainage is not recommended after urethrectomy.

The dissection is much easier if carried out several weeks after radical cystectomy.

When a urethrectomy is performed, the best position for the patient is the exaggerated lithotomy.

Incidence of urethral involvement in female patients has been shown to be consistently above 15%.

Orthotopic bladder substitution can rarely be used in the female patient because of the risk of urethral recurrence.

Tumor involvement at the bladder neck always signifies urethral involvement.

Female patients have a much higher incidence of urethral involvement than do male patients.

Intraoperative frozen section is the best way to determine whether the urethra is suitable for orthotopic reconstruction.

bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy.

hysterectomy.

pubovaginal sling.

cystectomy.

partial vaginectomy.

pyocystis in a neurogenic bladder.

urachal adenocarcinoma.

colovesical fistula after urinary diversion.

pain and incomplete emptying in patients with prior supravesical diversions.

hemorrhagic cystitis resulting from cyclophosphamide.

Preservation of bladder and sexual function

Improved survival

More accurate staging

Lower recurrence rates of tumor

Possibility of using surveillance cystoscopy

Grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma

Urachal adenocarcinoma

Tumor location at the dome of the bladder

Tumor within a bladder diverticulum

Multifocal tumor associated with multifocal carcinoma in situ (CIS)

The lateral extent of the dissection is the genitofemoral nerve.

En bloc resection yields fewer lymph nodes than dissecting separate packets.

Extended lymphadenectomy improves survival in patients with limited lymph node metastases.

Extended dissection to the aortic bifurcation is associated with increased incidence of lymphocele.

Extended lymphadenectomy improves survival in N0 patients.

medial umbilical ligament.

inferior epigastric artery.

internal pudendal artery.

superior gluteal artery.

obturator artery.