Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) assay

Combination of DRE and PSA

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

α2-Macroglobulin (MG)

Albumin

Human kallikrein

Globulin

α1-Antichymotrypsin (ACT)

Race

ACT concentration

Age, race, and prostate volume

Prostate volume

Age

cancer.

inflammation.

disease.

none of the above.

enlargement.

2 ng/mL

8 ng/mL

6 ng/mL

12 ng/mL

4 ng/mL

TRUS

Combination of DRE and TRUS

PSA

Human glandular kallikrein (hK2)

DRE

Imaging can accurately identify all cases of pelvic lymph node metastases.

Staging facilitates the selection of rational therapy on the basis of predicted extent of disease.

PSA and DRE are components of the staging evaluation.

A goal of staging is to predict prognosis.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy is the gold standard for the detection of pelvic lymph node metastases.

all of the above.

serum PSA.

bone scan.

histologic grade.

DRE.

seminal vesicle involvement.

capsular penetration.

tumor volume.

surgical margin status.

PSA.

(c) Lymph node involvement

(a) Positive surgical margins

Both a and b

(b) Seminal vesicle involvement

Both b and c

low-grade disease at radical prostatectomy.

a bilateral nerve-sparing prostatectomy should not be considered.

organ-confined disease.

pelvic lymph node involvement.

a greater likelihood of capsular penetration.

PAP

DRE

PSA

Immunoscintigraphy

Bone scan

Ten percent of men with a PSA value greater than 10 ng/mL have extraprostatic extension.

Seventy percent or more of men with a PSA value between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL have organ-confined disease.

Serum PSA has no predictive value for staging.

Twenty-five percent of men with a PSA value less than 4.0 ng/mL have organ-confined disease.

One-hundred percent of men with a PSA value greater than 50 ng/mL have pelvic lymph node involvement.

secondary grade and primary grade are summed to provide a Gleason score (2 to 10).

the primary grade represents the second largest area of cancer on the biopsy specimen.

secondary grade ranges from 1 to 5.

primary grade ranges from 1 to 5.

the presence of a Gleason primary or secondary grade 4 or 5 on any biopsy specimen is predictive of poorer prognosis.

a, c, and d are all correct

(b) Number of positive biopsy cores

(c) Gleason score

(d) Clinical stage

(a) PSA